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The Modern (1901-1939) and The Postmodern (1939–)Periods:

The span from the death of Queen Victoria to the beginning of the Second World War (1939) is called the Modern Period and from 1939 onward is called the Postmodern Period. The first decade of the Modern Period is called the Edwardian Period. The years between 1910-1936 of this period is called the Georgian Period. The important events of these periods were:

1. Unrest and violence became very common.
2. Socialism had great influence on the English life and thought. Class feeling became dominant.
3. Imperialism became a disturbing factor in the world. German became rival of England that led to the First World War.
4. The movement for women’s right of vote became strong.
5. The two World Wars and their aftermath changed the traditional way of life.
6. Frustration and discontent engulfed life.
7. The Rhymers’ Club was formed.

Major Writers and Their Major Works:

1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), known as a pessimist, wrote most of his novels in the earlier period. In this period he wrote his poems and short stories.
2. Henry James (1843-1916): The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, The Golden Bowl.
3. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924): Lord Jim: A Tale, The Nigger  of the Narcissus, Under Western Eyes, Heart of Darkness, Nostromo.
4. George Robert Gissing (1857-1903): The Nether World, The Whirlpool, Born in Exile.
5. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): Plain Tales from the Hills, Kim, Puck of Pook’s Hill, Limits and Renewals.
6. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), a modern dramatist, famous for his ‘’drama of ideas’’. The Philanderer, Arms and the Man, Man and Superman, Pygmalion, Heartbreak House, St. Joan.
7. John Millington Synge (1871-1909), a modern dramatist. The Shadow of the Glen, Riders to the Sea, The Playboy of the Western World.
8. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900), a poet, novelist and dramatist. Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, The Ideal of Being Earnest.
9. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), a poet, dramatist and critic, famous for his use of symbolism and mysticism. The Wild Swans at Coole, The Tower, The Winding Stair and Other Poems, The Resurrection, The Cat and the Moon.
10. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), a philosopher. Mysticism and Logic, The Analysis of Mind, History of Western Philosophy, Authority and the Individual.
11. David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930), a novelist. The White Peacock, Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley’s Lover.
12. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), a novelist known for her presentation of inner realities. The Voyage Out, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, Flush, The Years.
13. James Joyce (1882-1941), a novelist famous for his narrative technique known as ‘streams of consciousness’. A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man, Exiles, Ulysses, Finnegan’s Wake.
14. Edward Morgan Forster (1879-1970): Howards End, A Passage to India, Aspects of Novel, The Celestial Omnibus (a collection of short stories).
15. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), a poet, dramatist and critic, famous for his theory of ‘objective co-relative’. Prufrock and Other Observations, The Waste Land, Poems, Ash Wednesday, Four Quartets, Murder in the Cathedral, The Family Reunion, The Cocktail Party, Selected Essays 1917-1932.
16. Wystan Hugh Auden (1907-1973): Poems, The Age of Anxiety, The Oxford Book of Light Verse.
17. William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), a novelist and short story writer. Lady Frederick, The Sacred Flame, Cakes and Ale, The Razor’s Edge.
18. George Orwell (Eric Hugh Blair) (1903-50): Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty-Four.
19. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), a French dramatist. Waiting for Godot, Endgame.
20. William Gerald Golding (1911-1994), a novelist. Lord of the Flies, The Scorpion God.

Literary Features of the Period:

The Modern Period is dominated by novels. The novel evolved to an art form in this period. It became realistic and dealt with social problems with a view to educating the readers. The poets started using free verse. Symbols and conceits were used so frequently that poetry became tough to understand.

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