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Victorian period (1832-1901)

The Victorian Period (1832-1901):

This age is named after Queen Victoria who reigned over England from 1837-1901. It should be noticed that though Queen Victoria came to power in 1837, the Victorian Period began in 1832. The 12 years, from 1848-1860, of this age is called the Age of the Pre-Raphaelites. Medievalism, symbolism, sensuousness, truthfulness and simplicity are the main features of the Pre-Raphaelites. The last few decades of this period is called the Age of Aestheticism and Decadence. The important events of the age were:

1. The First Reformation Act in 1832, the Second Reformation Act in 1867 and the Third Reformation Act in 1884 gave voting rights to every male.
2. Slaves were declared free in 1833.
3. Chimney Sweeps Act and Factory Act prohibited child labour.
4. There was a significance progress of women during this time.
5. Agricultural based society was disintegrated as the result of the development of industry.
6. The theory of evolution and the concept of communism charged the traditional view of life.
7. The Fabian Society was founded in 1883.

Major Writers and Their Major Works:

1. Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-92), best known for his melodious language. Poems, In Memoriam, Maud and other Poems.Ulysses*, In Memoriam(poem)(an elegy)
2. Robert Browning (1812-89), famous for his dramatic monologues. Dramatic Lyrics, Men and Women, Dramatis Personae.Robert Browning was the composer of – Andrea Del Sarto. *
3. Matthew Arnold (1822-88), a poet and a critic, known for his meditative and melancholic attitude. ‘’Essays in Criticism’’, ‘’Culture and Anarchy’’ and some poems.
4. Edward Fitzgerald (1809-83): Translated ‘Rubaiyat’ in 1859.
5. Charles Dickens (1812-1870): The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Coperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations.
6. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-63): Vanity Fair, The Virginians.
7. Emily Bronte (1818-48): Wuthering Heights.
8. George Eliot (1819-80): The Mill on the Floss, Adam Bede, Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe.
9. Thomas Hardy (1840-1924), a novelist and a poet.  The Return of the Native, The Mayor of Caster bridge, Tess of  the D’Urbervilles.
10. John Stuart Mill (1806-73): On Liberty.
11. Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-59): History of England.
12. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-82): The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man.
13. Karl Marx (1818-83): Das Capital.
14. Cardinal Newman (1801-1890): The Idea of a University, Loss and Gain.

Literary Features of this Period:

The literary features of this period reflect peace, order and stability. The ideals are ‘’compromise’’ and ‘’construction’’. The literature of this period bears the influence of romanticism, and thus, there is a marked fusion of romanticism and intellectualism. Morality and prudery are at the centre of all thoughts. A new movement known as Decadence started. Its slogan was ‘’art for art’s sake’’.

 

 

Modern Age (1901-    )

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) (Novelist) (born in India)

The Jungle Book

Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Novelist

Lord Jim

H.G. Wells (1866-1946) Novelist

The time Machine (science fiction)

E.M. Forster (1879-1924) Novelist

A passage to India

Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) Novelist

The Luncheon(short story), Of Human Bondage,

D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) (Novelist)

Lady Chatterley’s Lover(novel), The Rainbow(novel)**, Son & Lovers,

Bertrand Russell (1872 –1970)

Road to Freedom,
The modern British Philosopher who was awarded Novel Prize for literature. **

Gorge Orwell (1903-1950) (Novelist)

Real name Eric Arthur Blair
works – Animal Farm** , Nineteen Eighty Four,

William Golding (1911-1993) (Novelist)

Lord of the Flies(novel)

Winston Churchill (Novelist)

The statesman but awarded novel prize (1953) in literature. *
England expects every man to do his duty. *

T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) (Modern poet)

Murder in the Cathedral, The Waste Land*(novel prize),
Born in USA**
Is famous for the theory of ‘Objective Co-relative’.

George Bernard Shaw (1850-1950)

Works – Caesar & Cleopatra(play) **, Man & Superman
Who is the greatest modern English Dramatist/ Playwright **

O’Henry

Real name William Sydney Porter. **
The Gift of the Magi
Famous for short story.

Ernest Hemingway (Novelist) (1899 – 1961)

works – A Farewell to Arms**, For whom the Bell Tolls **, The Old Man & the Sea*, Indian Camp

William Faulkner

American*

Her Man Melville

‘Moby Dick’ deals with – a whale*

Mrs. Harriet Stowe (1811-1896)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin*

Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) American

The Good Earth

Alex Haley (1921 – 1992)

Novel – Roots,

French
Alexander Dumas* 1829–1870

Three Musketeers*

Rousseau (1712 – 1778)

“Man was born free, but everywhere hi is in chains’ is quoted from – The Social Contract
works – Émile: or, on Education

Russian
Leo Tolstoy 1828- 1910),

Works – war & Peace*, Anna Karenina

Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), Novelist

works – Cancer Word*

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